SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTY EVALUATION OF BIODIESEL FROM USED PALM OIL
Abstract
This work was aimed at synthesis of biodiesel from used fried palm oil (PFPO) via trans-esterification with optimization and kinetics of the process. The PFPO was pre-treated and characterized using American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) D4067 (1986) methods to determine its physio-chemical properties. The oil was trans-esterified to biodiesel and the process parameters for trans-esterification, was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel were determined using (ASTM) 6751 (1973) methods. The kinetics of this trans-esterification to methyl ester using mechanisms of triglyceride to di-glyceride, di-glyceride to mono-glyceride and mono-glyceride to methyl ester. The results showed that the pre-treatment of fried palm oil reduced, its FFA less than 1%. The optimum value of the parameters for PFPO trans-esterification using RSM were catalyst concentration of 0.5 & 1.5 wt.%, methanol/oil molar ratio 4:1 & 8:1, reaction temperature of 45oC, reaction time of 60 minutes at constant stirring speed of 350 rpm and under these conditions the amount of methyl ester yield was 91.2 %. The properties of biodiesel produced under optimized protocol met the ASTM standard and was within the acceptable limits. The rate parameters showed that the trans-esterification of PFPO has conversion of triglyceride to di-glyceride as rate determining step (RDS). Also, the rate constant for RDS increased as temperature increased from 52 to 64oC. This indicates that the rate determining step of the trans-esterification of the oil was favoured at mild temperatures and heat is required for the reaction. The activation energies determined for PFPO (Tg =18.34, Dg = 9.83 and Mg = 4.9.KJ/mol) trans-esterification indicate that PFPO, mono glyceride trans-esterification requires less energy than di- and tri-glycerides.
KEY WORDS: Biodiesel, trans-esterification, optimization, kinetics, used fried palm oil.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Alechenu, A. A., Abdulfatai, J., Abdulkareem, A. S., Onyeji, L. (2016). Economics and environmental impacts of oil exploration and exploitation in Nigeria. Energy sources. Part B Economics, planning and policy 11(3):251-257. DOI:10.1080/15567249.2011.627411
Betiku, E., Okeleye, A. A., Ishola, N. B., Osunleke, A. S., Ojumu, T. V. (2019). Development of a Novel Mesoporous Biocatalyst Derived from Kola Nut Pod Husk for Conversion of Kariya Seed Oil to Methyl Esters: A Case of Synthesis, Modeling and Optimization Studies, Catal. Letters. 149, 1772– 1787. doi:10.1007/s10562-019-02788-6. 2607.
Edy, A. L. M., Edy, Y. F. J. (2024). The impact of the oil industry on the economic development of Nigeria. The International Journal of Engineering and Science 13(9):297-305. DOI: 10.9790/1813-1309297305.
Ezekannagha, C. B., Ude, C. N., Onukwuli, O. D. (2017). Optimization of the methanolysis of lard oil in the production of biodiesel with response surface methodology. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26, 1001- 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.12.004.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2022). Oil Palm Cultivation: Global Market Trends. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/oilpalm/en.
Ighosewe, E., Akan, D. and Agbogun, O. (2021) Crude Oil Price Dwindling and the Nigerian Economy: A Resource-Dependence Approach. Modern Economy, 12, 1160-1184. doi: 10.4236/me.2021.127061.
Saleh, H. M., Hassan, A. I. (2024). The challenges of sustainable energy transition: focus on renewable energy. Applied Chemical Engineering, 7(2), 2084. DOI:10.59429/ace.v7i2.2084.
Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR). (2021). Annual Report: Oil Palm Production in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.nifor.gov.ng
Onukwuli, O. D., Emembolu, L. N., Ude, C. N., Aliozo, S. O., Menkiti, M. C. (2017). Optimization of biodiesel production from refined cotton seed oil and its characterization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26, 103–110.
Onukwuli, O. D., Ezeugo, J., Ude, C. N., Nwosu-Obiegu, K. (2022). Improving heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production process. Cleaner Chemical Engineering, 3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2022.100038.
Onukwuli, D.O., Umeuzuegbu, J.C., Ude, C.N., Nwobi-okoye, C.C., Ojukwu, C.O. (2020). Homogeneous catalyzed transesterification of neem seed oil to biodiesel and its kinetic modeling. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. doi: 10.1002/bbb.2171 .
Onukwuli O. D., Ude C. N. (2018) Kinetics of African pear seed oil (APO) methanolysis catalyzed by phosphoric acid?activated kaolin clay. Applied Petrochemical Research, 8, 299–313
Ude C. N., Onukwuli O. D., Ugwu B. I., Okey-Onyesolu C. F., Ezidinma T. A., Ejikeme P. M. (2020). Methanolysis optimization of cottonseed oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 39(4), 355 – 370.
Ude C. N., Onukwuli O. D., Umeuzuegbu J. C., Chukwuka C. C. (2021) Heterogeneously Catalyzed methanolysis of gmelina seed oil to biodiesel. Chem. Eng. Technol., 44(1), 1–13.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 JOURNAL OF INVENTIVE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (JIET)
Copyright 2020-2024. Journal of Inventive Engineering (JIET). All rights reserved. Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), Awka Branch.ISSN: 2705-3865
Powered by Myrasoft Systems Ltd.