SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF WARRI, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

John E. Agori, Herbert U. Nwoke, Boniface C. Okoro, Benedicta U. Dike

Abstract


The study aims to assess the spatio-temporal variations of groundwaters quality parameters in Warri. Groundwater quality has deteriorated as a result of natural factors (flooding and seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer) and anthropogenic activities resulting from industries and poor management of solid wastes and waste water. To meet the water needs, assessment of the current groundwater quality was needed. To achieve this objective, 50 groundwater samples were collected during dry and wet seasons and analysed for 26 physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, total hardness (TH), total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total coliform bacteria, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphate (SO4), nitrate (NO3), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3), ammonium (NH4), phosphate (PO4), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb).  Using internationally accepted standard methods of testing water and compared to WHO permissible standards for safe drinking water. The water quality index (WQI) was also evaluated. The results showed that most of the groundwater parameters were not within the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization in both seasons and had higher concentrations during the rainy season. The geochemical data were interpreted using WQI for drinking water. The spatial distribution maps of Water Quality Index showed that the highest quality was found, during both seasons, in the south and the south eastern part of the study area, corresponding to the recharge zone, whereas the poor and very poor water quality was found in the outflow part of the aquifer in Warri metropolis.

KEYWORDS: spatial, temporal, water quality. Water quality index,groundwater.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Adejuwon, O. A. (2012). Rainfall Seasonality in the Niger Delta Belt, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 5(2), 51-60.

Adriano, D. C. (Ed). (1996). Elements in the Terrestrial Environment. New York, Springer Verlag: Pp. 145-60.

Agori, J. E. (2021). Spatial and temporal Modelling of Groundwater Water Quality Parameters in Warri and its Environs; Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Federal Technology of Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

Agunwamba, J. C. (2000). Water Engineering Systems. Immaculate Publication Limited, Enugu, Nigeria. Pp. 96.

Akoteyon, I. S. Soladoye, O. Olaoye, H. O. Omotayo, A. O. (2011). Determination of Water Quality Index and Suitability of Urban River for Municipal Water Supply in Lagos-Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research 54(2), 263-271.

Akpoborie, I. A., Nfor, B., Etobro, A. A. I. and Odagwe, S. (2011). Aspects of the Geology and Groundwater Condition of Asaba, Nigeria. Archives of Applied Science Research, 3(2), 537-550.

Al-layla, M.A., Shamim, A., Middle-Brooks, E.J. (1978). Water Supply Engineering Design, 2nd edition, Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inn.

Amangabara, G. T. and Ejenma, E. (2012). Groundwater Quality Assessment of Yenagoa and Environs Bayelsa State, Nigeria between 2010 and 2011. Researches and Environment, 2(2), 20 - 29.

APHA (American Public Health Association) (2017). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 23rd Ed. Washington, D.C., American Public Health Association.

Araya, Yoseph, N., Gowing, David J. and Dise, N. (2010). A controlled water table depth system to study the influence of fine-scale differences in water regime for plant growth. Aquatic Botany, 92(1), Pp. 70-74.

Azrina, A., Khoo, M.A., Idris, I.A. and Razman, M.R. (2011). Major inorganic elements in tap water samples in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 17(2), 271– 276.

Banks, D. (2008). An Introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, UK.

Basavaraja, S., Hiremath, S. M., Murthy, K. N. S., Chandrashekarappa, K. N., Patel, A. N., and Puttiah, E. T. (2011). Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-Chemical Parameters Hosahalli Tank in Shimoga District, Karnataka, India. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research. 11(3), 31-34.

Bhalerao, A. P. and Khan, A. M. (2000). Fluorine and Sulphur contents in the lake in triable area of Marathwada, Maharashtra. Journal of Aquatic Biology, 15, 59-61.

Bhanja, K. and Mohanta, A. K. P. (2000). Studies on the water quality index of river Sanamachhakandana at Keonjhar Garh, Orissa, India. Pollution Research, 19, 377-385.

Bonte, M., van Breukelen, B.M., Stuyfzand, P.J., (2013b). Temperature-induced impacts on groundwater quality and arsenic mobility in anoxic aquifer sediments used for both drinking water and shallow geothermal energy production. Water Resources, 47(14), 5088-5100.

Braide, S. A., Izonfuo, W. A. L., Adiukwu, P. U. Chindah, A. C. and Obunwo, C. C. (2004). Water quality of Miniweja stream, A swamp forest stream receiving non-point source waste discharges in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Scientia Africana. 3, 1-8.

Bundela, P. S., Sharma, A., Pandey, A. K., Pandey, P. and Awasthi, A. K. (2012). Physicochemical analysis of groundwater near municipal solid waste dumping sites In Jabalpur. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 2, 217-222.

Causapé, J., Auqué, L., Gimeno, M. J., Mandado, J., Quílez, D., and Aragüés, R. (2004). Irrigation effects on the salinity of the Arba and Riguel Rivers (Spain): present diagnosis and expected evolution using geochemical models. Environmental Geology. 45(5), 703–715.

Cey E. E., Rudolf D. L., Aravena R. and Parkin G. (1999). Role of the riparian zone in controlling the distribution and fate of agricultural nitrogen near a small stream in southern Ontario. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 37(1-2), 45–67.

Ch, L., Sainath, K. U., Rabbani, A. K. (2016). Physicochemical characterization of groundwater of Autonagar, Vijayawada, Krishna district. International Journal of Economics Development Research 4, 1324-1328.

Chamon, A. S., Blum, W. E. H., Gerzabek, M. H., Ullah, S. M., Rahman, M. and Mondol, M. N. (2005). Heavy metal uptake into crops on polluted soils of Bangladesh. Influence of crop and crop varieties. Journal of Commercial Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 36, 889 - 906.

Chanda, D. K. (1999). Seasonal study physico-chemical parameters of groundwater in industrial area, Jaipur. Hydrology 7(), 431-439.

Cidu, R., Frau, F. and Tore, P. (2011). Drinking water quality: Comparing inorganic components in bottled water and Italian tap water. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(2),184-193.

Dahunsi, S. O., Owamah, H. I., Ayandiran, T. A. and Oranusi, S. U. (2014). Drinking Water Quality and Public Health of Selected Towns in South Western Nigeria. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 6(), 143–153.

Deepali, S., Sapna, P. and Srivastava, V. S. (2001). Groundwater quality at tribal town; Nandurbar (Maharashtra). Indian Journal of Environment and Ecoplanning, 5(2): 475- 479.

Degaonkar, C. K. (2003). Evolving a health caring water supply and sanitation system: public private partnerships in developing economy. Proceedings of third international conference on environment and health, Chennai, India, 15-17 December.

DGRE (2010). Annuaires d’Exploitation des Nappes Profondes, Direction G´en´erale des Ressources en Eaux, Tunis, Tunisia.

Dissmeyer, G. E. (2000). Drinking water from Forests and Grasslands, South Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Ashville, NC, USA.

Durfor, C. N. and Baker, F. (1964). Public water supplies of the 100 larger cities in the U.S. Geological Survey. Water Supply Paper 1812. p. 364.

Elangovan, N. S. and Dharmendirakumar, M. (2013). Assessment of groundwater quality along the Cooum river, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Chemistry, 1-10.

El-Harouny, M., El-Dakroory, S., Attalla, S., Hasan, N. and Hegazy, R. (2008). Chemical quality of tap water versus bottled water: Evaluation of some heavy metals and elements content of drinking water in Dakhlia Governorate - Egypt. Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Journal. 14, 1 – 15.

Fetter, C. W. (1999). Contaminant Hydrogeology. Englewood, New York. Prentice Hall.

Google Maps, (2019). Maplandia.com. Google Maps World Gazetteer. Retrieved from: http://www.maplandia.com/nigeria/delta/warrisouth/warri/.

Gupta, D. P., Sunita and J. P. Saharan, (2009), Physiochemical Analysis of Ground Water of Selected Area of Kaithal City (Haryana) India. Researcher, 1(2), 1-5.

Hanaa, M., Eweida, E. A. and Azza, F. (2000). Heavy Metals in Drinking Water and Their Environmental Impact of Human Health. International Conference on Environmental Hazards Mitigation. Cario University, Egypt, 1515 - 1527.

Haran, H. (2002). Evaluation of drinking water quality at Jalaripeta village of Visakhapatanam district, Andra Pradesh. National Environmental Pollution Technology, 1(4), 407-410.

Huat, B. B. K., Moayedi, H., Moayedi, F., Asadi, A. and Ali, T. A. M. (2011). Groundwater Quality Assessment of Labuan Island using GIS. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(18), 4441- 4449.

Hudak, P. F. (2000). Regional trends in nitrate content of Texas groundwater. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 228(1-2), 37-47.

Ishaku, J. M. Ahmed, A. S. & Abubakar, M. A. (2011). Assessment of ground water quality using chemical indices and GIS mapping in Jada area, Northeastern Nigeria. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, I(1), 35-60, 2011.

Izeze, O. and Konboye, A. (2018). Statistical and spatial analysis of groundwater quality in Warri and its environs, Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Inventions Today, 7(3), 401- 421.

Jain, C. K., Kumar, C.P., Sharma, M. K. (2003). Ground water qualities of Ghataprabha command Area, Karnataka. Indian Journal of Environment and Ecoplanning, 7(2), 251-262.

Jameel, A. M. and Hussain, Z. A. (2011). Monitoring the quality of groundwater on the bank of Uyyakondan channel of river Cauvery at Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 183, 103-111.

Jia, W., Li, C., Qin, K. and Liu, L. (2010). Testing and analysis of drinking water quality in the rural area of High-tech District in Tai’an City. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(3), 155–157.

Jindal R. and Sharma, C. (2011). Studies on water quality of Sutlej River around Ludhiana with reference to physicochemical parameters, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174(1–4), 417–425.

Joseph, K. and Jaiprakash, N.G.B. (2000). An Integrated approach for management of total dissolved solids in Hosiery dyeing effluents. Journal of Indian Association of Environmental Management, 27(3), 203-207.

Karanth K. R. (1987). Ground Water Assessment Development and Management. McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.

Kataria, H. C., Quershi, H. A., Iqbal, S. A. and Shandilya, A. K, (1996). Assessment of water quality of Kolar reservoir in Bhopal (M.P.). Pollution Research. 15(2), 191-193.

Katsoyiannis, I. A. and Zouboulis, A. I. (2013). Removal of uranium from contaminated drinking water: a mini review of available treatment methods. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(13–15), 2915–2925.

Kavcar, P., Sofuoglu, A. and Sofuoglu, S.C. (2009). A health risk assessment for exposure to trace metals via drinking water ingestion pathway. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 212(2), 216–227.

Kelly, W. R. (1997). Heterogeneities in ground-water geochemistry in a sand aquifer beneath an irrigated field. Journal of Hydrology, 198(1–4), 154–176.

Khan, N., Hussain, S.T., Saboor, A., Jamila, N. and Kim, K.S. (2013). Physicochemical investigation of the drinking water sources from Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 8 (33), 1661-1671.

Khan, S. Shahnaz, M. Jehan, N. Rehman, S. Shah, M. T. and Din, I. (2013). Drinking water quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60, 93–101.

Kim, G., Lee, K. K., Park, K. S., Hwang, D. W., and Yang, H. S. (2005). Large submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) from a Volcanic Island. Geophysical Research Letters. 30(21), 202-205.

Kim, K. W., Chanpiwat, P., Hanh, H. T., Phan, K. and Sthiannopkao. S. (2011). Arsenic geochemistry of groundwater in Southeast Asia. Frontiers Journals of Higher Education, 5(4), 420-433.

Krishnamurthy R. (1990). Hydro-biological studies of Wohar reservoir Aurangabad (Maharashtra State) India, Journal of Environmental Biology, 11 (3), 335 – 343.

LENNTECH (2016). Water Conductivity. Available on. http://www.lenntech.com/applications/ultrapure/conductivity/waterconductivity.htm.

Mahananda, M. R., Mohanty, B. P., and Behera, N. R. (2010). Physicochemical Analysis of Surface and Ground Water of Bargarh District, Orissa, India, International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, 2(3), 284-295.

Majagi, S., Vijaykumar, K. and Rajashekhar, M. (2008). Chemistry of groundwater in Gulbarga district, Karnataka, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 136(1-3), 347-354.

Massoud M., Scrimshaw M. D. and Lester J. N. (2003). Qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of the Mediterranean action plan: wastewater management in the Mediterranean Region. Ocean and Coastal Management, 46, (9-10), 875–899.

Milovanovic, M. (2007). Water quality assessment and determination of pollution sources along the Axios/Vardar River, Southeastern Europe. Desalination, 213(1–3), 159–173.

Mishra, P. C., Pradhan, K. C. and Patel, R. K. (2003). Quality of water for drinking and agriculture in and around mines in Keonjhar district, Orissa. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 45, 213-220.

Mkwate, R. C., Chidya, R. C. G. and Wanda, E. M. M. (2017). Assessment of Drinking Water Quality and Rural Household Water Treatment in Balaka District, Malawi.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 100, 353-362.

Morrissette, D. G., and Mavinic, D. S. (1978). BOD Test Variables. Journal of Environment: Engineering Division, EP, 6, 1213-1222.

Moss, B., (1972). Studies on Gull Lake, Michigan II. Eutrophication evidence and prognosis. Fresh Water Biology, 2, 309-320.

Muhammad, S., Shah, M. T. and Khan, S. (2011). Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, Northern Pakistan. Micro Chemical Journal, 98(2), 334–343.

Nair, A. G., Bohjuari, J. A., Al-Mariami, M. A., Attia, F. A. and El-Toumi, F. F. (2006). Groundwater quality of north-east Libya. Journal of Environmental Biology, 27, 695-700.

Namdeo, A. K., Shrivastava P. and Sinha S. (2013). Ecological evaluation of seasonal dynamism in physicochemical characteristics of tropical reservoir in central India. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology 3, 152-157.

Narain, S. and Chauhan, R. (2000). Water quality status of river complex Yamuna at Panchnada (Etawah, U.P., India): An integrated management approach. Pollution Research, 19, 357-364.

Ndiokwere, C. L. (2004). Chemistry and Environment, Inaugural Lecture Series 73, University of Benin, UNIBEN Press, Pp. 33-37.

Nickson R. T., McArthur J. M., Shrestha B., Kyaw-Nyint T. O. and Lowry D. (2005). Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan. Applied Geochemistry, 20(1), 55–68.

Nightingale, B. and Simenstad, C. A. (2001). Dredging activities: Marine issues. Washington State Transportation Centre, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Nwajide, C. S. (2006). A guide for Geological Field Trips to Anambra and Related Sedimentary Basins in South Eastern Nigeria. PTDF Fund, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Nigeria. p.68.

Nwankwo, C. and Ogagarue, D. (2011). Effects of gas flaring on surface and ground waters in Delta State Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Mining Research, 3(5), 131 – 136.

Ocheri, M. I., Odoma, L. A. and Umar, N. D, (2014). Groundwater Quality in Nigeria Urban Areas: A Review. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, Environment and Earth Science. 14(3), 2249 – 4626.

Oliveira, J. P. W., Dos Santos, R. N., and Boeira, J. M. (2012). Genotoxicity and physical chemistry analysis of waters from Sinos River (RS) using Allium cepa and Eichhornia crassipes as bioindicators. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1, 15–22.

Oluyemi, E. A., Adekunle, A. S., Adenuga, A. A. and Makinde W. O. (2010). Physico-chemical properties and heavy metal content of water sources in Ifane North local government area of Osun state, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4 (10), 691-697.

Orji, E. A., and Egboka, B. C. E. (2015). The Hydrology of Delta State. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 16(2), 257-269.

Owamah, H. I. (2019). Groundwater Quality Assessment in a University Sub-Urban Community in Delta State, Nigeria: Part A-Physicochemical Analysis. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management 23(1), 151–157.

Palharya J. P., Siriah V. K. and Malviya S. (1993). Environmental Impact of Sewage and Effluent Disposal on the River System. Aashish Publication House, New Delhi.

Peterson T., Folland G., Gruza G., Hogg, W., Mokssit, A. and Plummer, N. (2001). Report of the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998–2001, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK.

Premlata, V. (2009). Multivariant analysis of drinking water quality parameters of lake Pchhola in Udaipur, India. Biological Forum, Biological Forum – An International Journal, 1(2), 97-102.

Ramkrisahniah C. R., Sadashlvaiah C. and Ranganna G. (2009). Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 6(2), 523–530.

Rowe, R. K., Quigley, R. Q and Booker, J. R. (1995). Clay Barrier Systems for Waste Disposal Facilities, E and FN Spon, London, UK.

Saeedi, M., Abess, O. Sharifi, F. and Meraji, H. (2010). Development of groundwater quality index, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 163(1–4), 327–335.

Sayyed, M. R. G. and Wagh, G. S. (2011). An Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Use: A Case Study from Solid Waste Disposal Site SE of Pune, India. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 1(3-4): 195 – 201.

Scatena, F.N. (2000). “Drinking water quality,†in Drinking Water from Forests and Grasslands: A Synthesis of the Scientific Literature, G.E. Dissmeyer, Ed., General Technical Report SRS-39, p.246, Department of Agriculture, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, USA.

Schmoll, O., Howard, G., Chilton, J. and Chorus, I. (Eds). (2006). World Health Organization. Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources. IWA Publishing, London, UK.151.

Shanthi, K. and Ramaswamy, P.P. (2002). Hydrobiological study of Signanallur taluk, at Coimbatore, India. Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 1(2), 97-101.

Shukla, S., Singh, P., Rajwanshi, P., Singh, V., Gupta, M. K., Srivastava, S. and Dass, S. (1993). Fluoride content of commonly used chemical fertilizers. Proceedings of Indo-German conference on impact of modern agriculture on environment. Hisar Agriculture University, Hisar, India. Vol. 111, 59 – 62.

Sisodia, R. and Moundiotiya, C. (2006). Assessment of the Water Quality Index of Wetland Kalakho Lake, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 14(23), 1 – 11.

Sivakumar, R., Mohanraja, R. and Azeez, P.A. (2000). Physico-chemical analysis of high-altitude water source of Ooty, South India. Pollution Resource. 19(1), 143-146.

Sojobi, A. O. (2016). Evaluation of groundwater quality in a rural community in North Central of Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188 (3), 1-17.

Stigter T. Y., Van Ooijen S. P. J., Post V. E. A., Appello C. A. J. and Carvalho Dill A. M. M. (1998). A hydrogeological and hydrochemical explanation of the groundwater composition under irrigated land in a Mediterranean environment, Algarve, Portugal. Journal of Hydrology, 208(3-4), 262–279.

Subba Rao, N, Gurunadhi, V.V.S. and Guptha, C.P. (1998). Ground water pollution due to discharge of industrial effluents in Venkatapuram area. Visakhapatanam, A. P. Indian Environmental Geology 33(4), 289-294.

Subhadra D. G., Barbaddha, S.B., Hazel, D. and Dolly, C. (2003). Physicochemical characteristics of drinking water at Velsao Goa. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 13, 203-209.

Tengrui, L., Al-Harbawi, A.F., Lin, M.B., Jun, Z. and Long, X.U. (2007). Characteristics of nitrogen removal from old landfill leachates by sequencing batch bio film reactor. American Journal of Applied Science, 4(4), 211-214.

Thirumalaivasan, D., Karmegam, M. and Venugopal, K. (2003). AHP-DRASTIC: Software for specific aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC model and GIS. Environmental Model Software 18: 645–656.

Tiwari, R. N. (2011). Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Pollution Potential of Jawa Block, Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 1(3-4), 202-212.

Tlili-Zrelli B., Gueddari M., Bouhlila R. and Oueslati M. N. (2016). Groundwater hydrogeochemistry of Mateur alluvial aquifer (Northern Tunisia). Journal of Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Engineering, 5(1).

Todd K (2007). Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley sons, New Delhi.

Todd, D.K. and Mays, L.W. (2005). Groundwater Hydrology, 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp. 329 – 386.

Trevisan, M., Padovani, L., and Capri, E. (2000). Non point – Source Agricultural Hazard Index: A case study of the Province of Cremona, Italy. Environmental Management, 26(5), 577-584.

Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., and Dobhal, R. (2013). Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index. American Journal of Water Resources. 1(3), 34-38.

Udayalaxmi, G. Himabindu D. and Ramadass G. (2010). Geochemical evaluation of groundwater quality in selected areas of Hyderabad, A.P., India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3: 546-553.

Umapathy, S. (2011). A study on ground water quality of Neyveli area, Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences 2, 49-56.

USEPA (2009). Groundwater and Drinking Water. www.epa.gov.

USEPA, (1993). Guide specifying management measures for sources of nonpoint pollution in coastal waters. 840-B-92-2002, Office of water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

Vasanthavigar M., Srinivasamoorthy K., Vijayaragavan K., Rajiv Ganthi, R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R. and Vasudevan, S. (2010). Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 171(1–4), 595–609.

Viswanathan, V. and Meenakshi, S. (2008). Impact of dyeing effluents on groundwater quality and its suitability for irrigation. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 28, 617-624.

WHO (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva.

WHO (World Health Organization) (1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Vol. 2, Health criteria and other supporting information, WHO Publication, Geneva, p. 335.

WHO (World Health Organization), (2004). Guidelines for drinking water quality: Recommendations. Vol.1. World Health Organization, Geneva. Switzerland.

WHO (World Health Organization), (2008). Guidelines for drinking water quality, Electronic Resource; Incorporation 1st and 2nd Addenda v. 1 Recommendations; 3rd Edition, Geneva, 515.

World Health Organization (1985). WHO guideline for drinking water quality. Health criteria and other supporting information. 2, Geneva, 335.

World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). Guidelines for drinking water quality. First Addendum, (3rd Ed.). 1, 491- 493.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 JOURNAL OF INVENTIVE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (JIET)



Copyright  2020-2024. Journal of Inventive Engineering (JIET). All rights reserved. Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), Awka Branch.ISSN: 2705-3865

Powered by Myrasoft Systems Ltd.